AD: Shocked! The peak value of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 began to decline 41 years before the deposition of brain Aβ! Alzheimer's diseases: New discovery on plasma Aβ42/Aβ40. AD: Shocked! The peak value of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 began to decline 41 years before the deposition of brain Aβ! Amyloid β (Aβ) plaque deposition and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein tangles are two important pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and there are many kinds of AD biomarkers derived around them, Knowledge of the longitudinal trajectories of key markers could not only help improve the selection and monitoring of participants in clinical trials, but also help identify those at high risk for neurodegenerative changes and cognitive impairment. Although research on AD biomarkers has increased substantially in recent years, research on longitudinal changes in biomarkers is relatively limited. Studies have shown that the levels of plasma Aβ 42 /Aβ 40 , p-tau181 and glial fibrillary acidic...
What kind of children are prone to type 2 diabetes? These parents need to pay attention!
Type 2 diabetes has become the main type of juvenile diabetes
The 12-year-old Zhuang Zhuang (pseudonym) is taller and "stronger" than his peers. His height has already caught up with his mother (163cm), and his weight has reached 80 kg. The two generations of six people in the family are very caring for Zhuang Zhuang and satisfy any dietary requirements he puts forward.
But recently the parents found that Zhuang Zhuang was a little faint, and they shouted thirsty to drink drinks all day long. Zhuang Zhuang's mother was diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and her grandmother also suffered from type 2 diabetes. My mother was a little worried about Zhuang Zhuang's recent performance, so she took Zhuang Zhuang to the hospital for a series of examinations. The diagnosis result was that Zhuang Zhuang had type 2 diabetes.
The parents of Zhuang Zhuang are frowning at this result. How can Zhuang Zhuang explain the condition of the disease (the child may be accompanied by the disease throughout his life)? How to make a 12-year-old child cooperate with the treatment (injection of insulin every day)? How to control diet? The originally happy and peaceful family has since undergone earth-shaking changes.
Children and adolescents also suffer from type 2 diabetes?
The parents of Zhuang Zhuang are very confused, because in addition to eating and getting fatter, Zhuang Zhuang seems to have always been in good health. Why did he suddenly get diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is indeed a middle-aged and elderly disease and rarely occurs in children or adolescents. However, changes in lifestyle have significantly increased the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hyperuric acid, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver among young people. These metabolic disorders will inevitably lead to disorders of glucose metabolism in children and eventually become type 2 diabetes. patient. Zhuang Zhuang diabetes is also a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. A poor lifestyle leads to weight gain, leading to increased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, pancreatic islet failure, high blood sugar for a long time, and eventually the system collapses and develops into "real" diabetes.
What kind of children are prone to type 2 diabetes?
The current study found that: 1. There is a family history of diabetes. 2. female parent had gestational diabetes in adolescent patients with type 2 diabetes, 1/3 is born of mothers with gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes compared with no mother of the child, their age at diagnosis younger, β- cell function Worse, higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. 3. Children who are overweight and obese; 4. Other potential risk factors: including low birth weight children, children whose weight gains rapidly in childhood, are most likely to develop type 2 diabetes in youth and adulthood; 5. Stress and its accompanying Mental health disorders (depression) can also increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in adolescents.
Statistics show that 70% to 99% of adolescents with type 2 diabetes have a family history of diabetes, 90% of juvenile diabetic patients have acanthosis nigricans, 85% are overweight and obese, and only less than 30% have weight loss. , 33% of people have symptoms such as keturia, polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria. Among them, acanthosis nigricans is one of the typical symptoms of juvenile diabetes. The main manifestations are local skin thickening, creases, and pigmentation, which often appear in the armpits, elbows, neck, groin and other places. After Zhuang Zhuang was admitted to the hospital, it was found that in addition to obesity, high blood sugar, high blood lipids, high uric acid, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and obvious acanthosis nigricans, it was a typical metabolic syndrome.
If there is a family history of diabetes or the mother has gestational diabetes, will the child have type 2 diabetes?
the answer is negative. Juvenile type 2 diabetes is the result of the combined effect of environmental and genetic factors. Children with family history of diabetes or mothers with gestational diabetes will have an increased chance of developing type 2 diabetes, but it is not an absolute cause and effect relationship.
At present, scientific research has found that the factors affecting human health and longevity are: lifestyle accounted for 60%, genetic factors accounted for 15%, social factors accounted for 10%, medical conditions accounted for 8%, and climate factors accounted for 7%. Children with genetic risk factors will have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (the genetic factors cannot be changed), but as long as you try to avoid the impact of bad lifestyles, you can avoid the disease, even if it can’t be avoided completely, you can delay its appearance. .
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Type 2 diabetes in adolescents, prevention is the key
A healthy lifestyle, balanced nutrition, and maintaining a normal weight are key. Zhuang Zhuang's mother recalled that since childhood, it has always been the pride of parents to be able to eat and grow a son. This wrong concept of parenting continued. Later, the parents also felt that the child's weight gain was too fast, which had affected Zhuang Zhuang's daily activities and communication with classmates, trying to help him lose weight. However, the eating habits developed since childhood are deeply ingrained and difficult to change. Zhuang Zhuang only likes to eat meat, not vegetables, nor water. When thirsty, he drinks milk or beverages.
In the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adolescents, it is very important for parents to have a correct view of parenting. How to maintain a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet, to ensure the normal needs of children's growth and development, and to control their weight is a compulsory course for parents. Remember that you must not make your children overweight or obese. "If the child is safe, three points are hungry and cold." This is the wisdom of ancestors, and it is still applicable even today when science is advanced.
For children who are growing up, proper exercise is also a necessary factor for healthy physical and mental growth. However, current students generally have a lot of pressure to study, and their exercise volume is significantly reduced. In addition, they like to stay up late, eat fast food, or high-sugar, high-fat meals, which makes their weight gain too fast and eventually leads to high blood sugar. It is obviously not advisable to simply pursue academic performance during the growth stage.
In adolescents with type 2 diabetes, neuropsychiatric comorbidities are common, such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. The combined prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders is increased, while adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders The chance of developing adolescent type 2 diabetes is also increased. Parents should also pay attention to the child's mental state while preventing type 2 diabetes in adolescents.
The whole family should participate in the treatment of adolescents with type 2 diabetes
In order to treat adolescents with type 2 diabetes in a standardized manner, Chinese scholars have formulated the "Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in China", which clarifies the treatment goals and strategies. It is recommended that parents of children read carefully and follow them carefully.
Families with adolescent children with type 2 diabetes must pay special attention to the participation of the whole family during the treatment of their children. Parents and other family members must lead by example and work together in cultivating good eating and living habits for their children. In addition, children will experience emotional instability due to hormone changes in their bodies during puberty, and they will also affect blood sugar control. During this period, parents must not only require strict requirements, but also maintain good communication with their children and spend special periods together.
It is important to pay attention to science, and it is best to consult a professional nutritionist to formulate short-term and long-term goals. For example, reduce the initial weight by 5% to 10%, and then make the weight close to or reach the normal range, so that it is easier to persist, and the probability of weight rebound is relatively small. If you lose weight too quickly, it will cause hypothalamic dysfunction, female amenorrhea, and infertility. Therefore, we must reduce weight scientifically and proceed gradually.
Although there are a variety of drugs for adult type 2 diabetes, for children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes, only metformin and insulin are approved in most parts of the world.
Bariatric surgery (metabolic surgery) can effectively solve some problems. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend it as the mainstream treatment for type 2 diabetes in adolescents. If diet and exercise are difficult to control weight and metabolic disorders, you can discuss with your doctor to formulate a treatment plan based on the patient's condition.
In short, the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adolescents should be combined with the emphasis on prevention. It must start from the teenage years, and only by developing good living habits can this chronic disease be truly shut out.